Table 2 Risk of bias assessment of included studies

Allan et al. 2021 [54]

Argintaru et al. 2013 [18]

Awe et al. 2019 [58]

Baiden et al. 2017 [21]

Bataineh et al. 2019 [59]

Bryant et al. 2009 [52]

Cammaert 2022 [69]

Chamberlain et al. 2023 [70]

Chen & Hou 2002 [19]

Drapeau et al. 2019 [64]

Durbin et al. 2014 [60]

Gibson & Clair 2019 [61]

Hwang et al. 2017 [53]

Hyshka et al. 2017 [22]

Islam & Kellet 2022 [55]

Kasman & Badley 2004 [49]

Khattar et al. 2022 [56]

Kitching et al. 2020 [13]

Law et al. 2005 [27]

Levesque et al. 2012 [20]

Lin & Fang 2023 [57]

MacLean et al. 2021 [37]

Marshall 2011 [38]

McDonald et al. 2010 [39]

McLeod & Karim 2020 [65]

Moallef et al. 2021 [40]

Nelson & Park 2006 [26]

Palepu et al. 2013 [71]

Pineault et al. 2017 [41]

Reid et al. 2012 [42]

Ridde et al. 2020 [43]

Ronksley et al. 2012 [50]

Shakeel et al. 2020 [44]

Sibley & Glazier 2009 [51]

Sibley & Weiner 2011 [45]

Socias et al. 2016 [46]

Starkes et al. 2005 [68]

Steele et al. 2017 [12]

Sunderland & Findlay 2013 [62]

Urbanoski et al. 2007 [66]

Urbanoski et al. 2017 [67]

Vyas et al. 2020 [47]

Wu et al. 2005 [17]

Zygmunt et al. 2017 [48]

Cohort Studies

First Author/ Year

Dezetter et al. 2015 [63]

Jaworsky et al. 2016 [36]